Nichifor Crainic

Biographie
Naissance	22 décembre 1889; Bulbucata (d)
Décès	20 août 1972 (à 82 ans); Mogoșoaia
Pseudonyme	Nichifor Crainic
Nationalité	roumaine
Formation	Université de Vienne
Activités	Philosophe, professeur d'université, homme politique, théologien, journaliste, journaliste d'opinion, poète
A travaillé pour	Université de Bucarest
Partis politiques	Garde de fer; Ligue de défense national-chrétienne
Lieu de détention	Prison d'Aiud
Distinction	Docteur honoris causa de l'université de Vienne (1939)

Nichifor Crainic, ou Nichifor Cranic, de son vrai nom Ion Dobre^[1], né le 22 décembre 1889 à Bulbucata, mort le 20 août 1972 à Mogosoaia, est un théologien, écrivain, poète, journaliste, homme politique, éditeur, philosophe roumain. Il est un important idéologue raciste^[2]^,^[3]^,^[4] et fasciste^[5] et antisémite d'extrême droite^[6]. Il a également utilisé les pseudonymes Victor Rațiu (1908), D. Crainic (1909), DI Crainic, DI Nichifor, N. Crainic (1910)^[7], Victor Mărginaș^[8]. Nichifor Crainic est son nom légal depuis avril 1926^[9]. En 1940, il est élu membre de l'Académie roumaine en remplacement d'Octavian Goga, expulsé en 1945 et réhabilité post-mortem en 1994. Crainic était aussi l'un des théoriciens de l'ethnocratie de l'entre-deux-guerres^[10].

↑ George Călinescu, Istoria literaturii române de la origini până în prezent, Ediția a II-a, Editura Minerva, București, 1985, p. 873
↑ (en) Clark, « Nationalism and orthodoxy: Nichifor Crainic and the political culture of the extreme right in 1930s Romania », Nationalities Papers, Cambridge University Press (CUP), vol. 40, n^o 1,‎ 2012, p. 107–126 (ISSN 0090-5992, DOI 10.1080/00905992.2011.633076) :
« The institute only lasted one year, but allowed Crainic to advance ideas such as anti-Masonry, anti-Semitism, and biological racism within an LANC-approved forum (Crainic, Ortodoxie 147). »
↑ (en) Caraiani, « Identities and Rights in Romanian Political Discourse », Polish Sociological Review, Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne (Polish Sociological Association), n^o 142,‎ 2003, p. 161–169 (ISSN 1231-1413, JSTOR 41274855) :
« Nae Ionescu considered ethnicity as "the formula of today's Romanian nationalism," while for Nichifor Crainic the "biological homogeneousness," the "historical identity" and the "blood and the soil" were the defining elements of the "ethnocratic state." »
↑ (en) Wedekind, « The mathematization of the human being: anthropology and ethno-politics in Romania during the late 1930s and early 1940s », New Zealand Slavonic Journal, Australia and New Zealand Slavists’ Association, vol. 44,‎ 2010, p. 27–67 (ISSN 0028-8683, JSTOR 41759355) :
« A prominent proponent of the concept of 'ethnic homogeneity' was the chauvinistic, xenophobic and pro-Nazi writer, politician, poet and professor of Theology Nichifor Crainic (1889-1972), author of "Orthodoxy and Ethnocracy" (Ortodoxie și etnocrație), published in 1938. »
↑ Ioanid, « Nicolae Iorga and Fascism », Journal of Contemporary History, Sage Publications, Ltd., vol. 27, n^o 3,‎ 1992, p. 467–492 (ISSN 0022-0094, DOI 10.1177/002200949202700305, JSTOR 260901) :
« Amongst those arrested for Duca's assassination were Nae Ionescu and Nichifor Crainic (a fascist ideologue, mediator between the NCP and the Iron Guards). »
↑ (en) Livezeanu, « Reviews of Books:Eugenics and Modernization in Interwar Romania Maria Bucur », The American Historical Review, Oxford University Press (OUP), vol. 108, n^o 4,‎ 2003, p. 1245–1247 (ISSN 0002-8762, DOI 10.1086/529946, JSTOR 10.1086/529946) :
« Clearly there were affinities between the eugenicists and thinkers, writers, and politicians on the extreme Right such as Nichifor Crainic, Nae Ionescu, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, Octavian Goga, and A.C. Cuza. »
↑ Nichifor Crainic, Țara de peste veac, Poezii antume, 1916-1944, Editura Eminescu, 1997, p. 271
↑ Nichifor Crainic, Zile albe, zile negre. Memorii, Casa Editorială Gândirea, București, 1991, p. XXIX
↑ Nichifor Crainic, Zile albe, zile negre. Memorii, Casa Editorială Gândirea, București, 1991, p. 72
↑ Crainic, Programul statului etnocratic apud Peter F. Sugar, Eastern European Nationalism in the Twentieth-Century, American University Press, 1995, 275–276 p. (ISBN 978-1-879383-39-5, lire en ligne)

[1] George Călinescu, Istoria literaturii române de la origini până în prezent, Ediția a II-a, Editura Minerva, București, 1985, p. 873

[clark-2] (en) Clark, « Nationalism and orthodoxy: Nichifor Crainic and the political culture of the extreme right in 1930s Romania », Nationalities Papers, Cambridge University Press (CUP), vol. 40, n^o 1,‎ 2012, p. 107–126 (ISSN 0090-5992, DOI 10.1080/00905992.2011.633076) :
« The institute only lasted one year, but allowed Crainic to advance ideas such as anti-Masonry, anti-Semitism, and biological racism within an LANC-approved forum (Crainic, Ortodoxie 147). »

[3] (en) Caraiani, « Identities and Rights in Romanian Political Discourse », Polish Sociological Review, Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne (Polish Sociological Association), n^o 142,‎ 2003, p. 161–169 (ISSN 1231-1413, JSTOR 41274855) :
« Nae Ionescu considered ethnicity as "the formula of today's Romanian nationalism," while for Nichifor Crainic the "biological homogeneousness," the "historical identity" and the "blood and the soil" were the defining elements of the "ethnocratic state." »

[4] (en) Wedekind, « The mathematization of the human being: anthropology and ethno-politics in Romania during the late 1930s and early 1940s », New Zealand Slavonic Journal, Australia and New Zealand Slavists’ Association, vol. 44,‎ 2010, p. 27–67 (ISSN 0028-8683, JSTOR 41759355) :
« A prominent proponent of the concept of 'ethnic homogeneity' was the chauvinistic, xenophobic and pro-Nazi writer, politician, poet and professor of Theology Nichifor Crainic (1889-1972), author of "Orthodoxy and Ethnocracy" (Ortodoxie și etnocrație), published in 1938. »

[Ioanid92-5] Ioanid, « Nicolae Iorga and Fascism », Journal of Contemporary History, Sage Publications, Ltd., vol. 27, n^o 3,‎ 1992, p. 467–492 (ISSN 0022-0094, DOI 10.1177/002200949202700305, JSTOR 260901) :
« Amongst those arrested for Duca's assassination were Nae Ionescu and Nichifor Crainic (a fascist ideologue, mediator between the NCP and the Iron Guards). »

[Livezeanu_2003_pp._1245–1247-6] (en) Livezeanu, « Reviews of Books:Eugenics and Modernization in Interwar Romania Maria Bucur », The American Historical Review, Oxford University Press (OUP), vol. 108, n^o 4,‎ 2003, p. 1245–1247 (ISSN 0002-8762, DOI 10.1086/529946, JSTOR 10.1086/529946) :
« Clearly there were affinities between the eugenicists and thinkers, writers, and politicians on the extreme Right such as Nichifor Crainic, Nae Ionescu, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, Octavian Goga, and A.C. Cuza. »

[7] Nichifor Crainic, Țara de peste veac, Poezii antume, 1916-1944, Editura Eminescu, 1997, p. 271

[8] Nichifor Crainic, Zile albe, zile negre. Memorii, Casa Editorială Gândirea, București, 1991, p. XXIX

[9] Nichifor Crainic, Zile albe, zile negre. Memorii, Casa Editorială Gândirea, București, 1991, p. 72

[ReferenceA-10] Crainic, Programul statului etnocratic apud Peter F. Sugar, Eastern European Nationalism in the Twentieth-Century, American University Press, 1995, 275–276 p. (ISBN 978-1-879383-39-5, lire en ligne)

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Naissance	22 décembre 1889 Bulbucata (d)
Décès	20 août 1972 (à 82 ans) Mogoșoaia
Pseudonyme	Nichifor Crainic
Nationalité	roumaine
Formation	Université de Vienne
Activités	Philosophe, professeur d'université, homme politique, théologien, journaliste, journaliste d'opinion, poète